Publications by category
Journal articles
Savage SA, Baker J, Milton F, Butler CR, Zeman A (In Press). Clinical outcomes in Transient Epileptic Amnesia: a 10-year follow-up cohort study of 47 cases. Epilepsia
Knight K, Milton F, Zeman A (In Press). Memory without Imagery: No Evidence of Visual Working Memory Impairment in People with Aphantasia. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society
Inkster AB, Milton F, Edmunds CER, Benattayallah A, Wills AJ (In Press). Neural Correlates of the Inverse Base Rate Effect. Human Brain Mapping
Jones JS, Adlam ALR, Benattayallah A, Milton F (In Press). The Neural Correlates of Working Memory Training in Typically Developing Children. Child Development
Milton F, Fulford J, Dance C, Gaddum J, Heuerman-Williamson B, Jones K, Knight KF, Mackisack M, Winlove C, Zeman A, et al (2021). Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Visual Imagery Vividness Extremes: Aphantasia vs Hyperphantasia. Cerebral Cortex Communications, 2, 1-15.
Lomas M, Rickard V, Milton F, Savage S, Weir A, Zeman A (2021). Electroconvulsive Therapy related Autobiographical Amnesia: ‘Somatoform’ or ‘Organic’? - a review and case report. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 26, 107-121.
Civile C, McLaren R, Milton F, McLaren I (2021). The Effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Perceptual Learning for Upright Faces and its Role in the Composite Face Effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 47, 74-90.
Baker J, Savage S, Milton F, Butler C, Kapur N, Hodges J, Zeman A (2021). The Syndrome of Transient Epileptic Amnesia: a combined series of 115 cases and literature review. Brain Communications, 3
Wills AJ, Ellett L, Milton F, Croft G, Beesley T (2020). A dimensional summation account of polymorphous category learning. Learning and Behavior
Edmunds CER, Inkster AB, Jones PM, Milton F, Wills AJ (2020). Absence of cross-modality analogical transfer in perceptual categorization. Open Journal of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, 1, 3-13.
Zeman AZJ, Milton F, Della Sala S, Dewar M, Frayling T, Gaddum J, Hattersley A, Heuerman-Williamson B, Jones K, Mackisack M, et al (2020). Phantasia - the psychological significance of lifelong visual imagery vividness extremes. Cortex, 130, 426-440.
Jones J, Milton FN, Mostazir M, Adlam A (2020). The Academic Outcomes of Working Memory and Metacognitive Strategy Training in Children: a Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial. Developmental Science, 23, n/a-n/a.
Milton F, McLaren IPL, Copestake E, Satherley D, Wills AJ (2020). The effect of pre-exposure on overall similarity categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 46, 65-82.
Civile C, Cooke A, Liu X, McLaren R, Elchlepp H, Lavric A, Milton F, McLaren I (2020). The effect of tDCS on recognition depends on stimulus generalization: Neuro-stimulation can predictably enhance or reduce the face inversion effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 46, 83-98.
Wills AJ, Edmunds CER, Le Pelley ME, Milton FN, Newell BR, Dwyer DM, Shanks DR (2019). Dissociable Learning Processes, Associative Theory, and Testimonial Reviews:A Comment on Smith and Church (2018). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 26, 1988-1993.
Edmunds CER, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2019). Initial training with difficult items does not facilitate category learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 151-167.
Savage S, Hoefeijzers S, Milton FN, Streatfield C, Dewar M, Zeman A (2019). The evolution of accelerated long-term forgetting: Evidence from the TIME study. Cortex, 110, 16-36.
Edmunds CER, Milton F, Wills AJ (2018). Due process in dual process: Model-recovery simulations of
decision-bound strategy analysis in category learning. Cognitive Science, 42, 833-860.
Norwich B, Fujita T, Adlam A, Milton F, Edwards-Jones A (2018). Lesson study: an inter-professional approach for Educational Psychologists to improve teaching and learning. Educational Psychology in Practice, 34, 370-385.
Fulford J, Milton F, Salas D, Smith A, Simler A, Winlove C, Zeman A (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery vividness - an fMRI study and literature review. Cortex, 105, 26-40.
Winlove C, Milton F, Ranson J, Fulford J, MacKisack M, Macpherson F, Zeman AZJ (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery: a co-ordinate-based meta-analysis. Cortex, 105, 4-25.
Longman CS, Milton F, Wills A, Verbruggen F (2018). Transfer of learned category-response associations is modulated by instruction.
Acta Psychologica,
184, 144-167.
Abstract:
Transfer of learned category-response associations is modulated by instruction
Although instructions often emphasize categories (e.g. odd number → left hand response) rather than specific stimuli (e.g. 3 → left hand response), learning is often interpreted in terms of stimulus-response (S-R) bindings or, less frequently, stimulus-classification (S-C) bindings with little attention being paid to the importance of category-response (C-R) bindings. In a training-transfer paradigm designed to investigate the early stages of category learning, participants were required to classify stimuli according to the category templates presented prior to each block (Experiments 1-4). In some transfer blocks the stimuli, categories and/or responses could be novel or repeated from the preceding training phase. Learning was assessed by comparing the transfer-training performance difference across conditions. Participants were able to rapidly transfer C-R associations to novel stimuli but evidence of S-C transfer was much weaker and S-R transfer was largely limited to conditions where the stimulus was classified under the same category. Thus, even though there was some evidence that learned S-R and S-C associations contributed to performance, learned C-R associations seemed to play a much more important role. In a final experiment (Experiment 5) the stimuli themselves were presented prior to each block, and the instructions did not mention the category structure. In this experiment, the evidence for S-R learning outweighed the evidence for C-R learning, indicating the importance of instructions in learning. The implications for these findings to the learning, cognitive control, and automaticity literatures are discussed.
Abstract.
Edmunds CER, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2017). Due process in dual process: a model-recovery analysis of Smith et al. (2014). Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1979-1984.
Savage SA, Butler CR, Milton F, Han Y, Zeman AZ (2017). On the nose: olfactory disturbances in transient epileptic amnesia. Epilepsy and Behavior, 66, 113-113.
Koutsouris G, Norwich B, Fujita T, Ralph T, Adlam A, Milton F (2017). Piloting a dispersed and inter-professional Lesson Study using technology to link team members at a distance. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 26, 587-599.
Milton FN, Bealing P, Carpenter KL, Benattayallah A, Wills AJ (2017). The neural correlates of similarity- and rule-based generalization. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29, 150-166.
Carpenter KL, Wills AJ, Benattayallah A, Milton FN (2016). A comparison of the neural correlates that underlie rule-based and information-integration category learning.". Human Brain Mapping, 3557-3574.
Norwich B, Koutsouris G, Fujita T, Ralph T, Adlam A, Milton F (2016). Exploring knowledge bridging and translation in Lesson Study using an inter-professional team.
International Journal of Lesson and Learning Studies,
5(3), 180-195.
Abstract:
Exploring knowledge bridging and translation in Lesson Study using an inter-professional team
Purpose – it is argued that the issues of translating basic science, including knowledge from neuroscience, into relevant teaching are similar to those that have been experienced over a long period by educational psychology. This paper proposes that such a translation might be achieved through Lesson Study (LS), which is an increasingly used technique to stimulate teacher enquiry. To explore these issues, this paper presents the findings from a modified LS approach that involved psychologists and mathematics lecturers working together with school-based teachers to prepare a series of lessons on mathematics.
Design/methodology/approach – the LS team review and planning meetings and subsequent interviews were recorded and analysed for common themes, with reference to patterns of knowledge bridging. Particular attention was paid to translational issues and the kind of knowledge used.
Findings – Overall, there was some successful bridging between theory and practice, and evidence of translation of theoretical knowledge into relevant teaching practice. However, the analysis of the team’s interactions showed that relatively little involved a useful applied neuroscience/neuropsychology element, whereas other psychological knowledge from cognitive, developmental, educational and clinical psychology was considered more relevant to planning the LS.
Originality/value – This study illustrates how reference to brain functioning has currently little specific to contribute directly to school teaching, but it can arouse increased interest in psychological processes relevant to teaching and learning. This approach reaffirms the central role of teacher-led research in the relationship between theory and practice. The findings are also discussed in relation to the SECI model of knowledge creation.
Abstract.
Edmunds CER, Wills AJ, Milton F (2016). Memory for exemplars in category learning. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2243-2248.
Zeman A, Hoefeizjers S, Milton F, Dewar M, Carr M, Streatfield C (2016). The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, contributes to three distinct varieties of amnesia in the human brain. Cortex, 74, 9-19.
Wills AJ, Inkster A, Milton FN (2015). Combination or Differentiation? Two theories of processing order in. classification. Cognitive Psychology, 80, 1-33.
Edmunds CER, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2015). Feedback can be superior to observational training for both rule-based and information-integration category learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 1203-1222.
Inkster A, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2014). Does incidental training increase the prevalence of overall similarity classification?. Proceedings of the 36th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 649-653.
Milton F, Copestake E, Satherley D, Stevens T, Wills AJ (2014). The effect of pre-exposure on family resemblance categorization for stimuli of varying levels of perceptual difficulty. Proceedings of the 36th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1018-1023.
McLaren IPL, Dunn BD, Lawrence NS, Milton FN, Verbruggen F, Stevens T, McAndrew A, Yeates F (2014). Why decision making may not require awareness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(1), 35-36.
Zeman AZJ, Milton FN, Smith A, Rylance R (2013). By heart. An fMRI study of brain activation by poetry and prose. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20(9-10), 132-158.
Wills AJ, Longmore CA, Milton F (2013). Impulsivity and overall similarity classification. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society., 3783-3788.
Wills AJ, Milton FN, Longmore CA, Hester S, Robinson J (2013). Is Overall Similarity Classification Less Effortful Than Single-Dimension Classification?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(2), 299-318.
Zeman A, Butler C, Muhlert N, Milton F (2013). Novel forms of forgetting in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Epilepsy and Behavior,
26(3), 335-342.
Abstract:
Novel forms of forgetting in temporal lobe epilepsy
Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA) is a recently defined subtype of temporal lobe epilepsy, principally affecting people in middle age with a male predominance. Its key manifestation is the occurrence of recurring episodes of transient amnesia, usually lasting less than an hour and often occurring on waking. One-third of patients have exclusively amnestic attacks, while in two-thirds, at least some attacks are accompanied by other manifestations of epilepsy, especially olfactory hallucinations. Several lines of evidence point to a seizure focus in the medial temporal lobes. Transient Epileptic Amnesia is accompanied by a striking loss of autobiographical memories in two-thirds of sufferers, accelerated loss of memories which had been acquired successfully in around one half, and topographical amnesia in around one-third. This paper reviews the findings of the TIME project (The Impairment of Memory in Epilepsy - http://sites.pcmd.ac.uk/time/tea.php) in relation to TEA, accelerated long-term forgetting, and remote memory impairment.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The Future of Translational Epilepsy Research". © 2012.
Abstract.
Newell BR, Moore CP, Wills AJ, Milton F (2013). Reinstating the frontal lobes? Having more time to think improves implicit perceptual categorization: a comment on Filoteo, Lauritzen, and Maddox (2010).
Psychological Science,
24(3), 386-389.
Author URL.
Milton F, Butler CR, Benattayallah A, Zeman A (2012). An fMRI study of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry,
83(10).
Abstract:
An fMRI study of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia
Objective:
to identify the neural basis of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia (TEA).
Method:
11 people (mean age: 65.91; SD=7.63) diagnosed with transient epileptic amnesia, all of whom complained of extensive autobiographical memory loss, and 17 age and IQ matched controls were recruited. Participants were matched on standard measures of anterograde memory. Participants recalled 32 previously identified autobiographical memories, specific in time and place, from four different time periods (childhood, young adult, middle aged and recent), during fMRI scanning. Activations were analysed using SPM8 software, effective connectivity using dynamic causal modelling (DCM). Post-scan ratings of the subjective vividness, level of detail, pleasantness, personal significance and frequency of retrieval of the memories were recorded.
Results:
Both patients and controls activated core regions of the autobiographical memory network. However, patients had reduced activation in the right posterior parahippocampal gyrus (pPHG), particularly for more recent memories, together with decreased engagement of the right temporoparietal junction and the right cerebellum. In addition, we found reduced effective connectivity in patients between the right pPHG and the right middle temporal gyrus. There were no differences in the subjective ratings of memories between patients and control participants.
Conclusion:
the reduction of activity in the right pPHG is consistent with other evidence that TEA is a disorder of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) and further implicates the pPHG as a key region for contextual information. These MTL differences were most marked for recent and mid-life periods suggesting that, at least at the neural level, remote memories are more robust than recent memories. We also found reduced effective connectivity in patients between the right pPHG and the right middle temporal gyrus. This may reflect persisting effects of the seizures, the continued presence of sub-clinical epileptiform activity or the sequelae of subtle structural changes in the MTL in our patient group.
Abstract.
Klama E, Milton F (2012). Differences in eye movements between same and other race face recognition. Proceedings of the 34th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1804-1809.
Milton FN, Butler CR, Benattayallah A, Zeman, A.Z.J. (2012). The neural basis of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3528-3541.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Butler C, Benattayallah A, Zeman A (2011). An fMRI study of long-term everyday memory using SenseCam. Memory, 19(7), 733-744.
Milton F, Pothos EM (2011). Category structure and the two learning systems of COVIS.
European Journal of Neuroscience,
34(8), 1326-1336.
Abstract:
Category structure and the two learning systems of COVIS.
An influential multi-process model of category learning, COmpetition between Verbal and Implicit Systems (COVIS), suggests that a verbal or a procedural category learning process is adopted, depending on the nature of the learning problem. While the architectural assumptions of COVIS have been widely supported, there is still uncertainty regarding the types of category structures that are likely to engage each of the COVIS systems. We examined COVIS in an fMRI study with two novel (in terms of COVIS research) categorizations. One of the categorizations could be described by a simple, unidimensional, rule that was expected to favor the verbal system. The other categorization possessed characteristics typically associated with the procedural system, but could also potentially be verbalized using a rule more complex than the ones previously associated with the verbal system. We found that both categorizations engaged regions associated with the verbal system. Additionally, for both categorizations, frontal lobe regions (including left ventrolateral frontal cortex) were more engaged in the first compared to the second session, possibly reflecting the greater use of hypothesis-testing processes in the initial stages of category acquisition. In sum, our results extend our knowledge of the conditions under which the verbal system will operate. These findings indicate that much remains to be understood concerning the precise interplay of the verbal and procedural categorization systems.
Abstract.
Goto K, Lea SEG, Wills AJ, Milton F (2011). Interpreting the effects of image manipulation on picture perception in pigeons (Columba livia) and humans (Homo sapiens).
Journal of Comparative Psychology,
125(1), 48-60.
Abstract:
Interpreting the effects of image manipulation on picture perception in pigeons (Columba livia) and humans (Homo sapiens)
The effects of picture manipulations on humans’ and pigeons’ performance were examined in a go/no-go discrimination of two perceptually similar categories, cat and dog faces. Four types of manipulation were used to modify the images. Mosaicization and scrambling were used to produce degraded versions of the training stimuli, whilst morphing and cell exchange were used to manipulate the relative contribution of positive and negative training stimuli to test stimuli. Mosaicization mainly removes information at high spatial frequencies, whereas scrambling removes information at low spatial frequencies to a greater degree. Morphing leads to complex transformations of the stimuli that are not concentrated at any particular spatial frequency band. Cell exchange preserves high spatial frequency details, but sometimes moves them into the “wrong” stimulus. The four manipulations also introduce high-frequency noise to differing degrees. Responses to test stimuli indicated that high and low spatial frequency information were both sufficient but not necessary to maintain discrimination performance in both species, but there were also species differences in relative sensitivity to higher and lower spatial frequency information.
Abstract.
Milton FN, Viika L, Henderson H, Wills AJ (2011). The effect of time pressure and the spatial integration of the stimulus dimensions on overall similarity categorization. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 795-800.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Butler CR, Benattayallah A, Zeman AZJ (2011). The neural correlates of everyday recognition memory.
Brain and Cognition,
76(3), 369-381.
Abstract:
The neural correlates of everyday recognition memory.
We used a novel automatic camera, SenseCam, to create a recognition memory test for real-life events.
Adapting a ‘Remember/Know’ paradigm, we asked healthy undergraduates, who wore SenseCam for 2
days, in their everyday environments, to classify images as strongly or weakly remembered, strongly
or weakly familiar or novel, while brain activation was recorded with functional MRI. Overlapping, widely
distributed sets of brain regions were activated by recollected and familiar stimuli. Within the medial
temporal lobes, ‘Remember’ responses specifically elicited greater activity in the right anterior and posterior
parahippocampal gyrus than ‘Know’ responses. ‘New’ responses activated anterior parahippocampal
regions. A parametric analysis, across correctly recognised items, revealed increasing activation in the
right hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal gyrus (pPHG). This may reflect modulation of these
regions by the degree of recollection or, alternatively, by increasing memory strength. Strong recollection
elicited greater activity in the left posterior hippocampus/pPHG than weak recollection indicating that
this region is specifically modulated by the degree of recollection.
Abstract.
Milton F, Butler CR, Zeman AZJ (2011). Transient epileptic amnesia: déjà vu heralding recovery of lost memories. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 82, 1178-1179.
Muhlert N, Milton F, Butler CR, Kapur N, Zeman AZJ (2010). Accelerated forgetting of real life events in Transient Epileptic Amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3235-3244.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Pindus D, Butler CR, Kapur N, Graham SK, Zeman AZJ (2010). Remote memory deficits in Transient Epileptic Amnesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 81, e7-e7.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Pindus D, Butler CR, Kapur N, Graham KS, Zeman AZJ (2010). Remote memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia. Brain, 133, 1368-1379.
Smith A, Milton F, Rylance R, Zeman AZJ (2010). Rhyme and reason: the neural correlates of reading poetry and prose. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 81, e9-e9.
Milton F, Wills AJ (2009). Eye movement strategies in overall similarity and single-dimension sorting. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1512-1517.
Milton F, Wills AJ (2009). Long-term persistence of sort strategy in free classification.
Acta Psychol (Amst),
130(2), 161-167.
Abstract:
Long-term persistence of sort strategy in free classification.
Two free classification experiments that investigate the persistence of sort strategy are reported. Participants tend to persist with their initial categorization type (family resemblance or unidimensional) for the remaining sorts, overriding the effects of otherwise influential stimulus properties. Sort type was found to persist even after a one-week delay. Stimulus-driven models of free classification (e.g. the SUSTAIN model, [Love, B. C. Medin, D. L. & Gureckis, T. M. (2004). SUSTAIN: a network model of category learning. Psychological Review, 111, 309-332]) cannot predict the sort type persistence effects we observe, but they are naturally accounted for by theories that posit strategic selection of a problem-solving strategy (e.g. Hypothesis theory, [Levine, M. (1971). Hypothesis theory and nonlearning despite ideal S-R-reinforcement contingencies. Psychological Review, 78, 130-140]).
Abstract.
Author URL.
Milton FN, Wills AJ, Hodgson TL (2009). The neural basis of overall similarity and single-dimension sorting. NeuroImage, 46, 319-326.
Milton F, Longmore CA, Wills AJ (2008). Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform,
34(3), 676-692.
Abstract:
Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification.
The processes of overall similarity sorting were investigated in 5 free classification experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that increasing time pressure can reduce the likelihood of overall similarity categorization. Experiment 3 showed that a concurrent load also reduced overall similarity sorting. These findings suggest that overall similarity sorting can be a time-consuming analytic process. Such results appear contrary to the idea that overall similarity is a nonanalytic process (e.g. T. B. Ward, 1983) but are in line with F. N. Milton and A. J. Wills's (2004) dimensional summation hypothesis and with the stochastic sampling assumptions of the extended generalized context model (K. Lamberts, 2000). Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that the relationship between stimulus presentation time and overall similarity sorting is nonmonotonic, and the shape of the function is consistent with the idea that the three aforementioned processes operate over different parts of the time course.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Milton, F. Wills AJ (2008). The influence of perceptual difficulty on family resemblance sorting.
Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2273-2278.
Author URL.
Longmore CA, Milton, F. Wills, A.J. (2007). Free Classification: Evidence for an Analytic System of Overall Similarity Sorting.
Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Author URL.
Milton FN, Wills, A.J. (2006). The Time Course of Overall Similarity Sorting in Free Classification.
Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Author URL.
Milton F, Wills AJ (2004). The influence of stimulus properties on category construction. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 407-415.
Chapters
McLaren IPL, Carpenter KL, Civile C, Mclaren R, Zhao D, Ku Y, Milton F, Verbruggen F (2016). Categorisation and Perceptual Learning: Why tDCS to Left DLPC Enhances Generalisation. In Trobalon JB, Chamizo VD (Eds.) , Associative Learning and Cognition, Homage to Prof. N.J. Mackintosh,: University of Barcelona.
Conferences
Benattayallah A, Milton F, Muhlert N, Butler CR, Zeman AZJ (2010). The neural correlates of everyday recognition memory. 18th Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 1st May 2020 - 7th May 2010.
Muhlert N, Milton FN, Butler CR, Zeman A (2009). Accelerated long term forgetting of real life events in patients with transient epileptic amnesia.
Author URL.
Publications by year
In Press
Savage SA, Baker J, Milton F, Butler CR, Zeman A (In Press). Clinical outcomes in Transient Epileptic Amnesia: a 10-year follow-up cohort study of 47 cases. Epilepsia
Knight K, Milton F, Zeman A (In Press). Memory without Imagery: No Evidence of Visual Working Memory Impairment in People with Aphantasia. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society
Inkster AB, Milton F, Edmunds CER, Benattayallah A, Wills AJ (In Press). Neural Correlates of the Inverse Base Rate Effect. Human Brain Mapping
Jones JS, Adlam ALR, Benattayallah A, Milton F (In Press). The Neural Correlates of Working Memory Training in Typically Developing Children. Child Development
2021
Milton F, Fulford J, Dance C, Gaddum J, Heuerman-Williamson B, Jones K, Knight KF, Mackisack M, Winlove C, Zeman A, et al (2021). Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Visual Imagery Vividness Extremes: Aphantasia vs Hyperphantasia. Cerebral Cortex Communications, 2, 1-15.
Lomas M, Rickard V, Milton F, Savage S, Weir A, Zeman A (2021). Electroconvulsive Therapy related Autobiographical Amnesia: ‘Somatoform’ or ‘Organic’? - a review and case report. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 26, 107-121.
Civile C, McLaren R, Milton F, McLaren I (2021). The Effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Perceptual Learning for Upright Faces and its Role in the Composite Face Effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 47, 74-90.
Baker J, Savage S, Milton F, Butler C, Kapur N, Hodges J, Zeman A (2021). The Syndrome of Transient Epileptic Amnesia: a combined series of 115 cases and literature review. Brain Communications, 3
2020
Wills AJ, Ellett L, Milton F, Croft G, Beesley T (2020). A dimensional summation account of polymorphous category learning. Learning and Behavior
Edmunds CER, Inkster AB, Jones PM, Milton F, Wills AJ (2020). Absence of cross-modality analogical transfer in perceptual categorization. Open Journal of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, 1, 3-13.
Zeman AZJ, Milton F, Della Sala S, Dewar M, Frayling T, Gaddum J, Hattersley A, Heuerman-Williamson B, Jones K, Mackisack M, et al (2020). Phantasia - the psychological significance of lifelong visual imagery vividness extremes. Cortex, 130, 426-440.
Jones J, Milton FN, Mostazir M, Adlam A (2020). The Academic Outcomes of Working Memory and Metacognitive Strategy Training in Children: a Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial. Developmental Science, 23, n/a-n/a.
Milton F, McLaren IPL, Copestake E, Satherley D, Wills AJ (2020). The effect of pre-exposure on overall similarity categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 46, 65-82.
Civile C, Cooke A, Liu X, McLaren R, Elchlepp H, Lavric A, Milton F, McLaren I (2020). The effect of tDCS on recognition depends on stimulus generalization: Neuro-stimulation can predictably enhance or reduce the face inversion effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 46, 83-98.
2019
Wills AJ, Edmunds CER, Le Pelley ME, Milton FN, Newell BR, Dwyer DM, Shanks DR (2019). Dissociable Learning Processes, Associative Theory, and Testimonial Reviews:A Comment on Smith and Church (2018). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 26, 1988-1993.
Edmunds CER, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2019). Initial training with difficult items does not facilitate category learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 151-167.
Savage S, Hoefeijzers S, Milton FN, Streatfield C, Dewar M, Zeman A (2019). The evolution of accelerated long-term forgetting: Evidence from the TIME study. Cortex, 110, 16-36.
2018
Edmunds CER, Milton F, Wills AJ (2018). Due process in dual process: Model-recovery simulations of
decision-bound strategy analysis in category learning. Cognitive Science, 42, 833-860.
Norwich B, Fujita T, Adlam A, Milton F, Edwards-Jones A (2018). Lesson study: an inter-professional approach for Educational Psychologists to improve teaching and learning. Educational Psychology in Practice, 34, 370-385.
Fulford J, Milton F, Salas D, Smith A, Simler A, Winlove C, Zeman A (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery vividness - an fMRI study and literature review. Cortex, 105, 26-40.
Winlove C, Milton F, Ranson J, Fulford J, MacKisack M, Macpherson F, Zeman AZJ (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery: a co-ordinate-based meta-analysis. Cortex, 105, 4-25.
Longman CS, Milton F, Wills A, Verbruggen F (2018). Transfer of learned category-response associations is modulated by instruction.
Acta Psychologica,
184, 144-167.
Abstract:
Transfer of learned category-response associations is modulated by instruction
Although instructions often emphasize categories (e.g. odd number → left hand response) rather than specific stimuli (e.g. 3 → left hand response), learning is often interpreted in terms of stimulus-response (S-R) bindings or, less frequently, stimulus-classification (S-C) bindings with little attention being paid to the importance of category-response (C-R) bindings. In a training-transfer paradigm designed to investigate the early stages of category learning, participants were required to classify stimuli according to the category templates presented prior to each block (Experiments 1-4). In some transfer blocks the stimuli, categories and/or responses could be novel or repeated from the preceding training phase. Learning was assessed by comparing the transfer-training performance difference across conditions. Participants were able to rapidly transfer C-R associations to novel stimuli but evidence of S-C transfer was much weaker and S-R transfer was largely limited to conditions where the stimulus was classified under the same category. Thus, even though there was some evidence that learned S-R and S-C associations contributed to performance, learned C-R associations seemed to play a much more important role. In a final experiment (Experiment 5) the stimuli themselves were presented prior to each block, and the instructions did not mention the category structure. In this experiment, the evidence for S-R learning outweighed the evidence for C-R learning, indicating the importance of instructions in learning. The implications for these findings to the learning, cognitive control, and automaticity literatures are discussed.
Abstract.
2017
Edmunds CER, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2017). Due process in dual process: a model-recovery analysis of Smith et al. (2014). Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1979-1984.
Savage SA, Butler CR, Milton F, Han Y, Zeman AZ (2017). On the nose: olfactory disturbances in transient epileptic amnesia. Epilepsy and Behavior, 66, 113-113.
Koutsouris G, Norwich B, Fujita T, Ralph T, Adlam A, Milton F (2017). Piloting a dispersed and inter-professional Lesson Study using technology to link team members at a distance. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 26, 587-599.
Milton FN, Bealing P, Carpenter KL, Benattayallah A, Wills AJ (2017). The neural correlates of similarity- and rule-based generalization. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29, 150-166.
2016
Carpenter KL, Wills AJ, Benattayallah A, Milton FN (2016). A comparison of the neural correlates that underlie rule-based and information-integration category learning.". Human Brain Mapping, 3557-3574.
McLaren IPL, Carpenter KL, Civile C, Mclaren R, Zhao D, Ku Y, Milton F, Verbruggen F (2016). Categorisation and Perceptual Learning: Why tDCS to Left DLPC Enhances Generalisation. In Trobalon JB, Chamizo VD (Eds.) , Associative Learning and Cognition, Homage to Prof. N.J. Mackintosh,: University of Barcelona.
Norwich B, Koutsouris G, Fujita T, Ralph T, Adlam A, Milton F (2016). Exploring knowledge bridging and translation in Lesson Study using an inter-professional team.
International Journal of Lesson and Learning Studies,
5(3), 180-195.
Abstract:
Exploring knowledge bridging and translation in Lesson Study using an inter-professional team
Purpose – it is argued that the issues of translating basic science, including knowledge from neuroscience, into relevant teaching are similar to those that have been experienced over a long period by educational psychology. This paper proposes that such a translation might be achieved through Lesson Study (LS), which is an increasingly used technique to stimulate teacher enquiry. To explore these issues, this paper presents the findings from a modified LS approach that involved psychologists and mathematics lecturers working together with school-based teachers to prepare a series of lessons on mathematics.
Design/methodology/approach – the LS team review and planning meetings and subsequent interviews were recorded and analysed for common themes, with reference to patterns of knowledge bridging. Particular attention was paid to translational issues and the kind of knowledge used.
Findings – Overall, there was some successful bridging between theory and practice, and evidence of translation of theoretical knowledge into relevant teaching practice. However, the analysis of the team’s interactions showed that relatively little involved a useful applied neuroscience/neuropsychology element, whereas other psychological knowledge from cognitive, developmental, educational and clinical psychology was considered more relevant to planning the LS.
Originality/value – This study illustrates how reference to brain functioning has currently little specific to contribute directly to school teaching, but it can arouse increased interest in psychological processes relevant to teaching and learning. This approach reaffirms the central role of teacher-led research in the relationship between theory and practice. The findings are also discussed in relation to the SECI model of knowledge creation.
Abstract.
Edmunds CER, Wills AJ, Milton F (2016). Memory for exemplars in category learning. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2243-2248.
Zeman A, Hoefeizjers S, Milton F, Dewar M, Carr M, Streatfield C (2016). The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, contributes to three distinct varieties of amnesia in the human brain. Cortex, 74, 9-19.
2015
Wills AJ, Inkster A, Milton FN (2015). Combination or Differentiation? Two theories of processing order in. classification. Cognitive Psychology, 80, 1-33.
Edmunds CER, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2015). Feedback can be superior to observational training for both rule-based and information-integration category learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 1203-1222.
2014
Inkster A, Milton FN, Wills AJ (2014). Does incidental training increase the prevalence of overall similarity classification?. Proceedings of the 36th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 649-653.
Milton F, Copestake E, Satherley D, Stevens T, Wills AJ (2014). The effect of pre-exposure on family resemblance categorization for stimuli of varying levels of perceptual difficulty. Proceedings of the 36th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1018-1023.
McLaren IPL, Dunn BD, Lawrence NS, Milton FN, Verbruggen F, Stevens T, McAndrew A, Yeates F (2014). Why decision making may not require awareness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(1), 35-36.
2013
Zeman AZJ, Milton FN, Smith A, Rylance R (2013). By heart. An fMRI study of brain activation by poetry and prose. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20(9-10), 132-158.
Wills AJ, Longmore CA, Milton F (2013). Impulsivity and overall similarity classification. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society., 3783-3788.
Wills AJ, Milton FN, Longmore CA, Hester S, Robinson J (2013). Is Overall Similarity Classification Less Effortful Than Single-Dimension Classification?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(2), 299-318.
Zeman A, Butler C, Muhlert N, Milton F (2013). Novel forms of forgetting in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Epilepsy and Behavior,
26(3), 335-342.
Abstract:
Novel forms of forgetting in temporal lobe epilepsy
Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA) is a recently defined subtype of temporal lobe epilepsy, principally affecting people in middle age with a male predominance. Its key manifestation is the occurrence of recurring episodes of transient amnesia, usually lasting less than an hour and often occurring on waking. One-third of patients have exclusively amnestic attacks, while in two-thirds, at least some attacks are accompanied by other manifestations of epilepsy, especially olfactory hallucinations. Several lines of evidence point to a seizure focus in the medial temporal lobes. Transient Epileptic Amnesia is accompanied by a striking loss of autobiographical memories in two-thirds of sufferers, accelerated loss of memories which had been acquired successfully in around one half, and topographical amnesia in around one-third. This paper reviews the findings of the TIME project (The Impairment of Memory in Epilepsy - http://sites.pcmd.ac.uk/time/tea.php) in relation to TEA, accelerated long-term forgetting, and remote memory impairment.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The Future of Translational Epilepsy Research". © 2012.
Abstract.
Newell BR, Moore CP, Wills AJ, Milton F (2013). Reinstating the frontal lobes? Having more time to think improves implicit perceptual categorization: a comment on Filoteo, Lauritzen, and Maddox (2010).
Psychological Science,
24(3), 386-389.
Author URL.
2012
Milton F, Butler CR, Benattayallah A, Zeman A (2012). An fMRI study of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia.
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry,
83(10).
Abstract:
An fMRI study of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia
Objective:
to identify the neural basis of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia (TEA).
Method:
11 people (mean age: 65.91; SD=7.63) diagnosed with transient epileptic amnesia, all of whom complained of extensive autobiographical memory loss, and 17 age and IQ matched controls were recruited. Participants were matched on standard measures of anterograde memory. Participants recalled 32 previously identified autobiographical memories, specific in time and place, from four different time periods (childhood, young adult, middle aged and recent), during fMRI scanning. Activations were analysed using SPM8 software, effective connectivity using dynamic causal modelling (DCM). Post-scan ratings of the subjective vividness, level of detail, pleasantness, personal significance and frequency of retrieval of the memories were recorded.
Results:
Both patients and controls activated core regions of the autobiographical memory network. However, patients had reduced activation in the right posterior parahippocampal gyrus (pPHG), particularly for more recent memories, together with decreased engagement of the right temporoparietal junction and the right cerebellum. In addition, we found reduced effective connectivity in patients between the right pPHG and the right middle temporal gyrus. There were no differences in the subjective ratings of memories between patients and control participants.
Conclusion:
the reduction of activity in the right pPHG is consistent with other evidence that TEA is a disorder of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) and further implicates the pPHG as a key region for contextual information. These MTL differences were most marked for recent and mid-life periods suggesting that, at least at the neural level, remote memories are more robust than recent memories. We also found reduced effective connectivity in patients between the right pPHG and the right middle temporal gyrus. This may reflect persisting effects of the seizures, the continued presence of sub-clinical epileptiform activity or the sequelae of subtle structural changes in the MTL in our patient group.
Abstract.
Klama E, Milton F (2012). Differences in eye movements between same and other race face recognition. Proceedings of the 34th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1804-1809.
Milton FN, Butler CR, Benattayallah A, Zeman, A.Z.J. (2012). The neural basis of autobiographical memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3528-3541.
2011
Milton F, Muhlert N, Butler C, Benattayallah A, Zeman A (2011). An fMRI study of long-term everyday memory using SenseCam. Memory, 19(7), 733-744.
Milton F, Pothos EM (2011). Category structure and the two learning systems of COVIS.
European Journal of Neuroscience,
34(8), 1326-1336.
Abstract:
Category structure and the two learning systems of COVIS.
An influential multi-process model of category learning, COmpetition between Verbal and Implicit Systems (COVIS), suggests that a verbal or a procedural category learning process is adopted, depending on the nature of the learning problem. While the architectural assumptions of COVIS have been widely supported, there is still uncertainty regarding the types of category structures that are likely to engage each of the COVIS systems. We examined COVIS in an fMRI study with two novel (in terms of COVIS research) categorizations. One of the categorizations could be described by a simple, unidimensional, rule that was expected to favor the verbal system. The other categorization possessed characteristics typically associated with the procedural system, but could also potentially be verbalized using a rule more complex than the ones previously associated with the verbal system. We found that both categorizations engaged regions associated with the verbal system. Additionally, for both categorizations, frontal lobe regions (including left ventrolateral frontal cortex) were more engaged in the first compared to the second session, possibly reflecting the greater use of hypothesis-testing processes in the initial stages of category acquisition. In sum, our results extend our knowledge of the conditions under which the verbal system will operate. These findings indicate that much remains to be understood concerning the precise interplay of the verbal and procedural categorization systems.
Abstract.
Goto K, Lea SEG, Wills AJ, Milton F (2011). Interpreting the effects of image manipulation on picture perception in pigeons (Columba livia) and humans (Homo sapiens).
Journal of Comparative Psychology,
125(1), 48-60.
Abstract:
Interpreting the effects of image manipulation on picture perception in pigeons (Columba livia) and humans (Homo sapiens)
The effects of picture manipulations on humans’ and pigeons’ performance were examined in a go/no-go discrimination of two perceptually similar categories, cat and dog faces. Four types of manipulation were used to modify the images. Mosaicization and scrambling were used to produce degraded versions of the training stimuli, whilst morphing and cell exchange were used to manipulate the relative contribution of positive and negative training stimuli to test stimuli. Mosaicization mainly removes information at high spatial frequencies, whereas scrambling removes information at low spatial frequencies to a greater degree. Morphing leads to complex transformations of the stimuli that are not concentrated at any particular spatial frequency band. Cell exchange preserves high spatial frequency details, but sometimes moves them into the “wrong” stimulus. The four manipulations also introduce high-frequency noise to differing degrees. Responses to test stimuli indicated that high and low spatial frequency information were both sufficient but not necessary to maintain discrimination performance in both species, but there were also species differences in relative sensitivity to higher and lower spatial frequency information.
Abstract.
Milton FN, Viika L, Henderson H, Wills AJ (2011). The effect of time pressure and the spatial integration of the stimulus dimensions on overall similarity categorization. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 795-800.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Butler CR, Benattayallah A, Zeman AZJ (2011). The neural correlates of everyday recognition memory.
Brain and Cognition,
76(3), 369-381.
Abstract:
The neural correlates of everyday recognition memory.
We used a novel automatic camera, SenseCam, to create a recognition memory test for real-life events.
Adapting a ‘Remember/Know’ paradigm, we asked healthy undergraduates, who wore SenseCam for 2
days, in their everyday environments, to classify images as strongly or weakly remembered, strongly
or weakly familiar or novel, while brain activation was recorded with functional MRI. Overlapping, widely
distributed sets of brain regions were activated by recollected and familiar stimuli. Within the medial
temporal lobes, ‘Remember’ responses specifically elicited greater activity in the right anterior and posterior
parahippocampal gyrus than ‘Know’ responses. ‘New’ responses activated anterior parahippocampal
regions. A parametric analysis, across correctly recognised items, revealed increasing activation in the
right hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal gyrus (pPHG). This may reflect modulation of these
regions by the degree of recollection or, alternatively, by increasing memory strength. Strong recollection
elicited greater activity in the left posterior hippocampus/pPHG than weak recollection indicating that
this region is specifically modulated by the degree of recollection.
Abstract.
Milton F, Butler CR, Zeman AZJ (2011). Transient epileptic amnesia: déjà vu heralding recovery of lost memories. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 82, 1178-1179.
2010
Muhlert N, Milton F, Butler CR, Kapur N, Zeman AZJ (2010). Accelerated forgetting of real life events in Transient Epileptic Amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3235-3244.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Pindus D, Butler CR, Kapur N, Graham SK, Zeman AZJ (2010). Remote memory deficits in Transient Epileptic Amnesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 81, e7-e7.
Milton F, Muhlert N, Pindus D, Butler CR, Kapur N, Graham KS, Zeman AZJ (2010). Remote memory deficits in transient epileptic amnesia. Brain, 133, 1368-1379.
Smith A, Milton F, Rylance R, Zeman AZJ (2010). Rhyme and reason: the neural correlates of reading poetry and prose. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 81, e9-e9.
Benattayallah A, Milton F, Muhlert N, Butler CR, Zeman AZJ (2010). The neural correlates of everyday recognition memory. 18th Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 1st May 2020 - 7th May 2010.
2009
Muhlert N, Milton FN, Butler CR, Zeman A (2009). Accelerated long term forgetting of real life events in patients with transient epileptic amnesia.
Author URL.
Milton F, Wills AJ (2009). Eye movement strategies in overall similarity and single-dimension sorting. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1512-1517.
Milton F, Wills AJ (2009). Long-term persistence of sort strategy in free classification.
Acta Psychol (Amst),
130(2), 161-167.
Abstract:
Long-term persistence of sort strategy in free classification.
Two free classification experiments that investigate the persistence of sort strategy are reported. Participants tend to persist with their initial categorization type (family resemblance or unidimensional) for the remaining sorts, overriding the effects of otherwise influential stimulus properties. Sort type was found to persist even after a one-week delay. Stimulus-driven models of free classification (e.g. the SUSTAIN model, [Love, B. C. Medin, D. L. & Gureckis, T. M. (2004). SUSTAIN: a network model of category learning. Psychological Review, 111, 309-332]) cannot predict the sort type persistence effects we observe, but they are naturally accounted for by theories that posit strategic selection of a problem-solving strategy (e.g. Hypothesis theory, [Levine, M. (1971). Hypothesis theory and nonlearning despite ideal S-R-reinforcement contingencies. Psychological Review, 78, 130-140]).
Abstract.
Author URL.
Milton FN, Wills AJ, Hodgson TL (2009). The neural basis of overall similarity and single-dimension sorting. NeuroImage, 46, 319-326.
2008
Milton F, Longmore CA, Wills AJ (2008). Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform,
34(3), 676-692.
Abstract:
Processes of overall similarity sorting in free classification.
The processes of overall similarity sorting were investigated in 5 free classification experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that increasing time pressure can reduce the likelihood of overall similarity categorization. Experiment 3 showed that a concurrent load also reduced overall similarity sorting. These findings suggest that overall similarity sorting can be a time-consuming analytic process. Such results appear contrary to the idea that overall similarity is a nonanalytic process (e.g. T. B. Ward, 1983) but are in line with F. N. Milton and A. J. Wills's (2004) dimensional summation hypothesis and with the stochastic sampling assumptions of the extended generalized context model (K. Lamberts, 2000). Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that the relationship between stimulus presentation time and overall similarity sorting is nonmonotonic, and the shape of the function is consistent with the idea that the three aforementioned processes operate over different parts of the time course.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Milton, F. Wills AJ (2008). The influence of perceptual difficulty on family resemblance sorting.
Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2273-2278.
Author URL.
2007
Longmore CA, Milton, F. Wills, A.J. (2007). Free Classification: Evidence for an Analytic System of Overall Similarity Sorting.
Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Author URL.
2006
Milton FN, Wills, A.J. (2006). The Time Course of Overall Similarity Sorting in Free Classification.
Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Author URL.
2004
Milton F, Wills AJ (2004). The influence of stimulus properties on category construction. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 30(2), 407-415.